Learning Outcome 6

Web Applications

Internet and Web
What is internet?
Internet is a global system interconnected networks that uses the standard internet protocol to serve billion of server.

What is Web?
Web is collection of electronic elements. It contains hypertext links, or highlighted keywords and images that lead to related information.
*The web is not similar to internet.*

What is Web application?
A web application is an application that is accessed by users over a network such as the internet and intranet. It may display, create, and manage images, audio, videos, and data which can be stored and retrieved from the server.
e.g. Website, Facebook, Google documents, online calculators, calendars and etc..

Web application is commonly use a combination of
1. Script
2. Client and Server

What is Web Browser?
Web Browser are software applications that allow users to retrieve data and interact with content located on web pages within a website.
e.g. Internet Explorer, Netscape, Mozilla Firefox, safari, Opera

 







Types of Web
There are two types of web such as
(1) Static Web
(2) Dynamic Web

1. Static Web
    It is a read-only web. It allows people to search for information and read it.It can only really be updated by someone with a knowledge of website development.
e.g. educational website, company website

2. Dynamic Web
    Web interactions between people and software. It has ability for clients and users to upload documents and create content or add information to a site.
e.g. content management system, e-commerce system, discussion board, etc...

The generation of Web
1st generation (Web 1.0) 
Web 1.0 refers to the first stage in the World Wide Web, which was entirely made up of Web pages connected by hyperlinks. Although the exact definition of Web 1.0 is a source of debate, it is generally refer to the Web when it was a set of static websites that were not yet providing interactive content. In Web 1.0, applications were also generally proprietary.

2nd generation (Web 2.0)
Web 2.0 describes web sites that use technology beyond the static pages of earlier web sites. The term was coined in 1999 by Darcy DiNucci and was popularized by Tim O'Reilly at the O'Reilly Media Web 2.0 conference in late 2004. Although Web 2.0 suggests a new version of the World Wide Web, it does not refer to an update to any technical specification, but rather to cumulative change in the way web pages are made and used.
A Web 2.0 site may allow users to interact and collaborate with each other in a social media dialogue as creators of user-generated content in a virtual community, in contrast to websites where people are limited to the passive viewing f content.
e.g. social networking sites, blogs, wikis, folksonomies, video sharing sites, hosted services, web applications, and mashups.

3rd generation (Web 3.0)
It is about semantic web, personalization, intelligent search and behavioral advertising among other things.
If that sounds confusing, check out some of these excellent presentations that help you understand Web 3.0 in simple English. Each takes a different approach to explain Web 3.0 and the last presentation was an example of a "postage stamp" to explain the "semantic web".

Categories of Web 2.0
1. Online social networking
2. Mashups and Aggregators

Online Social Networking
It usually involved websites that are known as social sites. Social networking websites function like and online community of internet users.
Advantages:
-Online community members could share common interest in hobbies, religion, or politics.
- It can socialize with the members.
- It can make friends from all over the world and learn a thing or two about new cultures or new languages and learning is always a good thing.
e.g. MySpace, Twitter, Facebook, etc...

Mashup and Aggergrators
It collects things together. It is a web site that takes different content from a number of other web sites and mixes them together to create a new kind of content. Mix and match content form other parts of the web.
It includes:
- data aggregator
- video aggregator
- social network aggregator
- search aggregator
- news aggregator

Web 2.0 Information Technologies and Applications
There are seven categories. Two technologies and five applications such as
1. XML
2. AJAX
3. Tagging
4. Blogs
5. Wikis
6. Really Simple Syndication
7. Pod and Video-casting
The XML and AJAX are technologies. The others five are application of web 2.0.

XML and AJAX
XML and AJAX are examples of Programming Languages used in Web Application.

What is Programming language (PL)?
A set of words, abbreviations, and symbols that enables a programmer to communicate the instructions to a computer.

Types of PL
1. Low-Level Language
    It is a machine dependent language
    There are two generations of low-level language
    - Machine Language (1st generation PL)
    - Assembly Language (2nd generation PL)

2. High-Level Language
    It is a machine independent language. It more user-friendly.
    There are three generations of high-level language
    - 3rd generation PL
    - 4th generation PL
    - 5th generation PL

Machine Language (1st generation)
It uses a series of binary digits (1s and 0s) or a combination of numbers and letters that represent binary digits.

Assembly Language (2nd generation)
Program is written using symbolic instruction codes. It also uses symbolic memory addresses.

Third Generation Languages
Third generation languages (3GLs) are the first to use true English-like phrasing, making them easier to use than previous languages. It also known as Procedural Languages.
e.g. FORTRAN, COBOL, BASIC, Pascal

Fourth Generation Languages
Fourth generation language may use a text-based environment (like a 3GL) or may allow the programmer to work in a visual environment, using graphical tools. It also known as non-procedural languages.
e.g. Visual Basic (VB), Visual Age

Fifth Generation Languages
This is Object-oriented and Web development tools.
e.g. Prolog, AJAX, JAVA Script

XML ( web 2.0 technologies)
XML stand for Extensible Markup Language for web document (2.0). It contains structured information including words and pictures.
e.g. <chapter> Hardware
      <topic> Input Device

AJAX (web 2.0 technologies)
AJAX stand for Acronym referring to Asynchronous JavaScript and XML.
JavaScript = - Script/ language
                  - Object Oriented Programming Language based on C++ programming language.
                 - It is used the client-side techniques to create web application.
e.g. Youtube, Gmail, Google Maps and most of web 2.0 website.

Tagging (web 2.0 applications)
It is about metadata. It is part of nature of Web 2.0. Keyword for a piece of information in Web.

Blogs (web 2.0 applications)
It is a short for weblog. It is informal website (articles, diary, journal, personal log, journal that posted on the web). It is a shared on-line journal where people can post diary entries about their personal experiences and hobbies.

Wiki (web 2.0 applications)
It collaborative website that allows users to create, add, modify or delete website content via their web browser. Many wikis are opened to modification by public. A popular wiki are Wikipedia and Web encyclopedia.

RSS (web 2.0 applications)
It stand for Really Simple Syndication. It is a technology that is being used by millions of web users around the world to keep track of their favourite websites. It is a application of aggregators.
e.g. Google reader, Blog lines

Pod-casting and Video casting (web 2.0 applications)
It is a digital media consist of video, audio. This technology in web 2.0. It is used for downloading or uploading digital media.
e.g. iTunes free software to subscribe to a specific podcast.

What is Google apps?
It is series of application from Google. It is applications and Infrastructure.

Google Apps technology
$ Messaging
$ Calendaring
$ Documents
$ Video
$ Sites
$ Talk
$ Maps

Learning Outcomes 5

The importance of Internet and World Wide Web

What is internet?
The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer that use the standard Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) to serve several billion users worldwide.

Usage of internet
$ Find general information / access information
$ Send (uploads) or receive (downloads) files between computers
$ Share resources
$ To correspond / meet with people
$ Shop for product and service

Services on the internet
- Communication (Electronic mail)
- World Wide Web
- Protocol
- Chart room 
- VIOP
- News group

(1) Internet service: Email
     It is allowed messages to be exchanged from computer to computer. The email program is used to create,send, receive, forward, store, print and delete email.
Examples: Yahoo, Gmail, MSN, Hotmail

(2) Internet service: The Web

     The web contain hypertext links, or highlighted keywords and images that lead to related information. A webs is organized using documents called web pages. A collection of linked Web pages that has a common theme or focus is called a Web site.

Uniform Resources Locator

URL is identified a Web pages exact Location, Web browsers.

There have four part addressing- scheme

1. Protocol

2. Domain Name

3. Path Name

4. file Name

What is hypertext markup language (HTML)?

Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) is the main markup language for creating web pages and other information that can be displayed in a web browser.

What/ Who is the internet service provider (ISP)?

A commercial organization that sells temporary connections to subscribers.

eg. Maxis Net, Celcom, Microsoft network, etc...

Client / server structure of the web

Web servers

Web servers are computers that deliver (serves up) web pages. Every Web server has an IP address and possibly a domain name. 

Web Client

Web client is the end user PC.

(3) Internet Service: Transfer Protocol

     The transfer protocol is the set of software that the computers use to move files from one computer to another on the internet. The most transfer protocol used on the Internet is the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and FTP.

(4) Internet Service: Chat Room

     Chat room is the channel, medium, location on internet that allow people to chat with each other.

e.g. Real chat, Yahoo Message Chat Room, AOL Chat Room

(5) Internet Service: VOIP

     Voice Over Internet Protocol (VOIP) or internet telephony is use internet to make phone call / video call. It allows user to speak to other user over internet.

e.g. Skype, Yahoo Voices, Windows Live call, NetMeeting.

(6) Internet Service: News group

     Electronic bulletin board conduct discussions about specific topic / subject. It include Newsreader (program use to access newsgroup like Google talk, Google group.)

 

 

Learning Outcome 4

Database Management system

What is database?
A database is a collection of information organized to provide efficient retrieval.The collected information could be in any number of formats (electronic, printed, graphic, audio, statistical, combinations).

What are the function of database?
The function is to store, organize and control the data.

Database component
There are two types of component. They are
(1) Data item : It is field in data processing and it is a piece of information.
(2) Schema : It describes the organization of data and relationships within the database.
                   The schema consists of definitions of the various types of record in the
                   database, the data-items they contain and the sets into which they are
                   grouped. It known as ERD.

Database Architecture
The architecture of a modern database consists of :
1. Actual database
2. Hardware to process and store the data
3. Software to manipulate the contents
4. People to administer the access, control and modification of data.

Database Management System (DBMS)
What is database management system?
A DBMS is a database program. It is a software system that uses a standard method of cataloging, retrieving, and running queries on data. The DBMS manages incoming data, organizes it, and provides ways for the data to be modified or extracted by users or other programs.
Eg. Microsoft access, SQL server, FileMaker, FoxPro, etc...

Type of Database Language
(1) DDL ( Data Definition Language)
(2) DML ( Data Manipulation Language)

DML

DDL

Components of DBMS
There are six components such as
1. Field 
    It is a specific piece or category of data such as first name, last name, city, state, subject or birth date.
2. Record
    It is a group of related fields that describes a person, place, thing or transaction such as customer, student, location, product or sale.
3. Table 
    It is a collection of records for a single subject such as student, products or sales
4. Key field
   It is a field that contains unique information for each record, such as student ID.
5. Relational database 
    It is a multiple tables that are linked together to address a business process such as managing timetable, course, and students.
6. Objects
    The part of an Access database that help you view, edit, manage, and analyze the data: tables, queries, forms, reports, macros, and modules.
                  What are the users of database management system (DBMS) ?
The users of DBMS are end user, application programmers, database administrator.

What is database model?
A database model is a type of database model that determines the logical structure of a database and fundamentally determines in which manner data can be stored, organized, and manipulated.

Types of database model
1. Hierarchical database
2. Network database
3. Relational database
4. Object- relational database

Hierarchical database
A hierarchical database model is a data model in which the data is organized into a tree-like structure. It also known as one to many relationship.

 

Network database

The network model is a database model conceived as a flexible way of representing objects and their relationships. Its distinguishing feature is that the schema, viewed as a graph in which object types are nodes and relationship types are arcs, is not restricted to being a hierarchy or lattice.

Relational database
In relational database, data is organized in the form of rows and columns in a table. The table are referred to as relations in relational data model. The relational data model is implemented through a sophisticated relational database management system (RDVMS). It is useful for small database system.

Learning Outcome 3

The various types of information systems that are in use by various organization

What is information system?
A combination of hardware, software, infrastructure and trained personnel organized to facilitate planning, control, coordination and decision-making in an organization.

Types of information system
1. Transaction processing system (TPS)
2. Management information system (MIS)
3. Decision support system (DSS)
4. Executive support system (ESS / EIS)
5. Expert system (ESS)

Transaction processing system (TPS)
An informational scheme for the collection, storage, retrieval and modification of transaction made by an organization.
Component of TPS
# People
# Hardware
# Software

Two types of transaction processing
(1) Online Transaction Processing ( A transaction which is processed immediately and the operator has access to on-line database i.e. withdrawal from a bank account, Library loans.)
(2) Batch Transaction Processing ( Information that is gathered and stored but not processed immediately i.e. the processing of an invoice or check in a banking system.)

 

Management information system

A management information system (MIS) provides information that organizations require to manage themselves efficiently and effectively. 

  

Features of MIS

(1) It is used by middle managerial levels.

(2) Use internal data stored in computer system

(3) Produce several kinds of reports with fixed and standard format.

 

Decision Support System (DSS)
A decision support system (DSS) is a computer-based information system that supports business or organizational decision making activities.

 

Types of decision

(1) Structured / semi-structured

     A repetitive and routine and they involve a definite producer to make decision.

(2) Unstructured

     A decision maker must provide judgment, evaluation to solve the problem.

Characteristic of DSS

1. Activity 

   Support structured and semi-structured decision.

2. Input

    Use internal and external information, use method or tool.

3. User

    It must be a tactical manager.

Executive support system (ESS / EIS)

An executive information system (EIS) is a type of management information system that facilitates and supports senior executive information and decision making needs.

 

Characteristic of EIS

1. It is a special type of MIS + DSS. 

2. Support info needs of executive. Use graphical interface.

3. Use internal and external data sources.

Expert Support System

An expert system is a computer system that emulates the decision-making ability of a human expert.

Executive support system

An executive information system (EIS) is a type of management information system that facilitates and supports senior executive information and decision making needs.

Management structure level and their information needs

Component of CBIS (Common based information system)

(1) Procedure

(2) Telecommunication

(3) Database

(4) Software

(5) Hardware

(6) People

Who are the user of CBIS ?

$ Business

$ Organization

$ People ( Worker, End User)

Information System Development

System development is the process of defining, designing, testing, and implementing a new software application or program. 

Information System Development Methodologies

ISD methodologies is a collection of procedures, techniques, tools and documentation aids which will help the systems developers in their efforts to implement a new information system.

Why and when u initiate system development?

(1) Problem with existing system

(2) Desire to introduce system

Who are the participants in system development?

(1) Project manager

(2) Stakeholders

(3) Users

(4) Programmers

(5) System analyst

(6) Support personal

Steps in ISD planning

(1) Strategic plan (1st step)

(2) Develop Objectives (2nd step)

(3) Identify IS Project (3rd step)

(4) Analyze resource (4th step)

(5) Set schedule and deadlines (5th step)

(6) Develop IS (6th step)

The step of ISD methodology

(1) SDLC

(2) Prototyping

(3) Stradis

What is structured approach/ SDLC ?

The oldest and most known methodology used to coordinate the efforts of information systems development is known as SDLC.

SDLC stages

(1) System investigation

(2) System analysis

(3) System design 

(4) System Implementation

(5) System maintenance and review

Prototyping

Prototyping is a system development methodology that uses a trial and error approach for discovering how a system should operate.

Stages in STRADIS 

(1) Detail study

(2) Designing alternatives

(3) Physical design

(4) Implement system